The role of smart technologies in enhancing policy compliance for urban sustainability

Abstract

Malaysia’s rapid urbanisation poses challenges for environmental protection and sustainable resource management, particularly in ensuring compliance with existing urban policies. Despite various initiatives, weak enforcement and limited use of technology hinder effective implementation. This paper examines how smart technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Big Data analytics can strengthen policy compliance mechanisms for urban sustainability. Using a conceptual framework supported by Malaysian case illustrations (e.g., smart grids, smart transport, IoT waste management, and smart water systems), the study identifies barriers such as infrastructure gaps, financial constraints, and low public awareness. It further proposes actionable solutions, including enhanced data-driven enforcement, citizen engagement platforms, and public–private partnerships. The findings provide theoretical contributions to policy enforcement and practical implications for urban governance in developing economies.