Mohd Yusoff, N. S., Suhaimin, M. F., Hainulah, S. N. D., Shaifuddin, S., Adna, N., & Mat Rani, R. (2026). Efficiency of digital transformation in the EU-27: A sequential bi-objective MCDEA BCC, super-efficiency and slack-based measure framework. Journal of Islamic, Social, Economics and Development, 11(87), 851–866. https://doi.org/10.55573/JISED.118757